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Tingkatan Bahasa Jawa

20/10/2019

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Bahasa Jawa itu bahasa yang rumit. Menurut penelitian Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo dari universitas Cornell, bahasa Jawa (di luar bahasa perwayangan) memiliki 9 tingkatan. Penggunaannya tergantung pada status sosial si pembicara, yang diajak bicara, dan derajat hormat kita pada obyek yang dijadikan bahan pembicaraan.

Sebagai contoh, bila kalimat "Ini anak saya Tini, yang saya ceritakan tadi" disampaikan dalam 9 tingkatan tersebut, maka menjadi:

1. Ngoko Lugu: "Iki anakku Tini, sing tak kandakké mau."
2. Antyo Boso: "Iki anakku Tini, sing tak aturké mau."
3. Boso Antyo: "Iki anak kulo Tini, sing tak aturké mau"
4. Madyo Ngoko: "Niki anak kulo Tini, sing tak kandakké wau."
5. Madyantoro: "Niki anak kulo Tini, sing kulo ceriyosaké wau."
6. Madyo Kromo: "Niki anak kulo Tini, sing kulo aturké wau."
7. Wredo Kromo: "Meniko anak kulo Tini, sing kulo ceriyosaké wau"
8. Kramantoro: "Meniko anak kulo Tini, ingkang kulo ceriyosaken wau"
9. Mudo Kromo: "Meniko anak kulo Tini, ingkang kulo aturaken wau."


Sebagai perbandingan, bahasa Sunda di daerah Priangan (Bandung, Garut, Ciamis) setidak-tidaknya hanya mengenal 3 tingkatan yang digunakan dalam bahasa sehari-hari: Loma, Lemes jang Sorangan, Lemes jang Batur. Itu pun setelah bahasa Sunda mendapat pengaruh dari bahasa Jawa era Mataram Islam. Sebelumnya bahasa Sunda hanya mengenal 1 tingkatan (lihat karya-karya sastra Sunda Kuno seperti Siksakanda ng Karesian).

Sumber foto: Internet
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